The shortened citation shown above (author surname, shortened title, page number) is preferred. Note that The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) no longer recommends the use of 'ibid.' for footnote/endnotes that cite the same source as the note immediately preceding it.

Kay, Art and the German Bourgeoisie, 51.ģ. Subsequent footnote/endnotes for the same source are shortened to provide only the author’s last name, short title, and page number. Carolyn Kay, Art and the German Bourgeoisie: Alfred Lichtwark and Modern Painting in Hamburg, 1886-1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002), 100. The first footnote/endnote to a source provides the full publishing information.ġ.Footnotes/endnotes always include a specific page number or numbers where the cited information can be found.The footnote/endnote begins with the same superscript number as the one that appears in the paper and is followed by a period.There are some key characteristics common to all footnotes and endnotes: The format for a footnote or endnote varies depending on whether it refers to a book, article, or online source. What do I Include in the Footnote or Endnote? Check with your professors to see which style they prefer.

Many professors prefer footnotes to endnotes. Endnote pages are placed before the bibliography. On the top of the first page, the title “Notes” is centered one inch from the top of the page.

Endnotes are listed at the end of the paper on separate pages.

Footnotes appear on the bottom of the page that contains the sentence to which it refers.

How is a Footnote different from an Endnote?Ī superscript number refers to a footnote or endnote which contains all of the publishing information and the page number for the information referenced. You can use MS Word or other software to create footnotes and endnotes. They should be placed after any punctuation marks except for the dash.įootnotes/endnotes begin with 1 and are numbered consecutively throughout the entire essay. The superscript numbers should generally be placed at the end of the sentence to which they refer. Using footnotes or endnotes involves placing a superscript number at the end of a sentence with information (paraphrase, quotation or data) that you wish to cite.

What do I include in the footnote or endnote?.

How is a footnote different from an endnote?.

Endnote format example